by Raphael, 1515
Raphael painted this portrait of Baldassare Castiglione around 1514-1515. Castiglione was a diplomat, soldier, and author of "The Book of the Courtier," a defining text of Renaissance culture that described the ideal gentleman. The portrait reflects those ideals: calm intelligence, understated elegance, effortless dignity.
Castiglione wears somber black and gray clothing with a blue turban-like cap, fashionable among Italian intellectuals. The palette is deliberately muted, drawing attention to his thoughtful gaze and gentle expression. Rembrandt so admired this painting that he made a sketch of it and incorporated its composition into his self-portraits.
The painting remained in Castiglione's family until 1630, when it was sold to Cardinal Mazarin. Louis XIV acquired it for France, and it entered the Louvre after the Revolution.

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